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"trace", "util"] } +tracing = "0.1" +tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter", "json"] } +uuid = { version = "1", features = ["v4"] } + +[dev-dependencies] +http-body-util = "0.1" +wiremock = "0.6" + +[lints.rust] +unsafe_code = "forbid" + +[lints.clippy] +all = { level = "deny", priority = -1 } +pedantic = { level = "deny", priority = -1 } +nursery = { level = "deny", priority = -1 } +cargo = { level = "deny", priority = -1 } +multiple_crate_versions = { level = "allow", priority = 1 } diff --git a/src/application/mod.rs b/src/application/mod.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee52769 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/application/mod.rs @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +mod pokedex; + +pub use pokedex::{PokedexService, translation_kind_for}; diff --git a/src/application/pokedex.rs b/src/application/pokedex.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e054527 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/application/pokedex.rs @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +use crate::{ + clients::{funtranslations::TranslationClient, pokeapi::PokeApiClient}, + domain::{PokemonInfo, TranslationKind}, + error::AppError, + telemetry::{AppMetrics, UpstreamRequestOutcome}, +}; +use std::time::Instant; +use tracing::{debug, instrument}; + +// The application service depends on concrete clients to keep this challenge +// concise. In a larger enterprise codebase these would become trait-based ports +// so adapters could be swapped without touching business logic. +#[derive(Clone)] +pub struct PokedexService { + pokemon: PokeApiClient, + translations: TranslationClient, + metrics: AppMetrics, +} + +impl PokedexService { + #[must_use] + pub const fn new( + pokemon: PokeApiClient, + translations: TranslationClient, + metrics: AppMetrics, + ) -> Self { + Self { + pokemon, + translations, + metrics, + } + } + + #[instrument(skip(self), fields(pokemon.name = %name))] + pub async fn get_basic(&self, name: &str) -> Result { + self.fetch_pokemon(name).await + } + + #[instrument(skip(self), fields(pokemon.name = %name))] + pub async fn get_translated(&self, name: &str) -> Result { + let mut pokemon = self.fetch_pokemon(name).await?; + let translation_kind = translation_kind_for(&pokemon); + + let translation_start = Instant::now(); + let translation = self + .translations + .translate(translation_kind, &pokemon.description) + .await; + self.metrics.record_upstream_request( + "funtranslations", + translation_operation(translation_kind), + if translation.is_ok() { + UpstreamRequestOutcome::Success + } else { + UpstreamRequestOutcome::Error + }, + translation_start.elapsed(), + ); + + match translation { + Ok(translated) => pokemon.description = translated, + Err(error) => debug!(%error, "using original description after translation failure"), + } + + Ok(pokemon) + } + + async fn fetch_pokemon(&self, name: &str) -> Result { + // PokéAPI species data changes rarely. In production, cache successful + // species responses with a TTL to reduce latency and upstream pressure. + let start = Instant::now(); + let pokemon = self.pokemon.get_pokemon_info(name).await; + if !matches!(pokemon, Err(AppError::BadRequest(_))) { + self.metrics.record_upstream_request( + "pokeapi", + "pokemon_species", + upstream_outcome_for_pokemon(&pokemon), + start.elapsed(), + ); + } + pokemon + } +} + +const fn upstream_outcome_for_pokemon( + result: &Result, +) -> UpstreamRequestOutcome { + match result { + Ok(_) => UpstreamRequestOutcome::Success, + Err(AppError::NotFound) => UpstreamRequestOutcome::NotFound, + Err( + AppError::BadRequest(_) + | AppError::InvalidUpstreamData(_) + | AppError::Upstream(_) + | AppError::Timeout + | AppError::Internal, + ) => UpstreamRequestOutcome::Error, + } +} + +const fn translation_operation(kind: TranslationKind) -> &'static str { + match kind { + TranslationKind::Shakespeare => "shakespeare", + TranslationKind::Yoda => "yoda", + } +} + +#[must_use] +pub fn translation_kind_for(pokemon: &PokemonInfo) -> TranslationKind { + if pokemon.needs_yoda_translation() { + TranslationKind::Yoda + } else { + TranslationKind::Shakespeare + } +} diff --git a/src/bin/pokedex-api.rs b/src/bin/pokedex-api.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f56900 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/bin/pokedex-api.rs @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +#![deny(warnings)] +#![deny(clippy::all, clippy::pedantic, clippy::nursery, clippy::cargo)] +#![allow(clippy::missing_errors_doc, clippy::multiple_crate_versions)] + +use pokedex_api::{config::AppConfig, http, telemetry}; + +#[tokio::main] +async fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { + telemetry::init_tracing(); + let config = AppConfig::from_env()?; + let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind(config.bind_addr).await?; + let state = http::AppState::from_config(&config)?; + + axum::serve(listener, http::create_app(state)) + .with_graceful_shutdown(shutdown_signal()) + .await?; + + Ok(()) +} + +async fn shutdown_signal() { + let ctrl_c = async { + tokio::signal::ctrl_c() + .await + .expect("failed to install Ctrl+C handler"); + }; + + #[cfg(unix)] + let terminate = async { + tokio::signal::unix::signal(tokio::signal::unix::SignalKind::terminate()) + .expect("failed to install SIGTERM handler") + .recv() + .await; + }; + + #[cfg(not(unix))] + let terminate = std::future::pending::<()>(); + + tokio::select! { + () = ctrl_c => {}, + () = terminate => {}, + } +} diff --git a/src/clients/body.rs b/src/clients/body.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3fb097 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/clients/body.rs @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +use crate::error::AppError; +use serde::de::DeserializeOwned; + +const MAX_UPSTREAM_BODY_BYTES: usize = 1024 * 1024; + +pub async fn read_json( + mut response: reqwest::Response, + service: &'static str, +) -> Result +where + T: DeserializeOwned, +{ + if response + .content_length() + .is_some_and(|length| length > MAX_UPSTREAM_BODY_BYTES as u64) + { + return Err(AppError::Upstream(format!( + "{service} response body exceeded {MAX_UPSTREAM_BODY_BYTES} bytes" + ))); + } + + let mut body = Vec::new(); + while let Some(chunk) = response + .chunk() + .await + .map_err(|error| map_reqwest_error(&error))? + { + let next_len = body + .len() + .checked_add(chunk.len()) + .ok_or(AppError::Internal)?; + if next_len > MAX_UPSTREAM_BODY_BYTES { + return Err(AppError::Upstream(format!( + "{service} response body exceeded {MAX_UPSTREAM_BODY_BYTES} bytes" + ))); + } + body.extend_from_slice(&chunk); + } + + serde_json::from_slice(&body).map_err(|error| { + AppError::InvalidUpstreamData(format!("{service} returned invalid JSON: {error}")) + }) +} + +fn map_reqwest_error(error: &reqwest::Error) -> AppError { + if error.is_timeout() { + AppError::Timeout + } else { + AppError::Upstream(error.to_string()) + } +} diff --git a/src/clients/funtranslations.rs b/src/clients/funtranslations.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5194fb --- /dev/null +++ b/src/clients/funtranslations.rs @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +use crate::{clients::body, domain::TranslationKind, error::AppError}; +use serde::Deserialize; +use std::time::Duration; +use tracing::instrument; + +#[derive(Clone)] +pub struct TranslationClient { + base_url: String, + http: reqwest::Client, +} + +impl TranslationClient { + pub fn new(base_url: impl Into, timeout: Duration) -> Result { + let http = reqwest::Client::builder() + .timeout(timeout) + .build() + .map_err(|error| AppError::Upstream(error.to_string()))?; + + Ok(Self { + base_url: trim_trailing_slash(&base_url.into()), + http, + }) + } + + #[instrument(skip(self, text), fields(translation.kind = ?kind))] + pub async fn translate(&self, kind: TranslationKind, text: &str) -> Result { + let url = format!("{}/translate/{}", self.base_url, endpoint_for(kind)); + let response = self + .http + .post(url) + .json(&TranslationRequest { text }) + .send() + .await + .map_err(|error| map_reqwest_error(&error))?; + let status = response.status(); + + if !status.is_success() { + return Err(AppError::Upstream(format!( + "FunTranslations returned status {status}" + ))); + } + + let payload = body::read_json::(response, "FunTranslations").await?; + if payload.contents.translated.trim().is_empty() { + Err(AppError::InvalidUpstreamData( + "FunTranslations returned an empty translation".to_owned(), + )) + } else { + Ok(payload.contents.translated) + } + } +} + +#[derive(serde::Serialize)] +struct TranslationRequest<'a> { + text: &'a str, +} + +#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)] +struct TranslationResponse { + contents: TranslationContents, +} + +#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)] +struct TranslationContents { + translated: String, +} + +const fn endpoint_for(kind: TranslationKind) -> &'static str { + match kind { + TranslationKind::Shakespeare => "shakespeare", + TranslationKind::Yoda => "yoda", + } +} + +fn trim_trailing_slash(value: &str) -> String { + value.trim_end_matches('/').to_owned() +} + +fn map_reqwest_error(error: &reqwest::Error) -> AppError { + if error.is_timeout() { + AppError::Timeout + } else { + AppError::Upstream(error.to_string()) + } +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::{TranslationClient, endpoint_for}; + use crate::domain::TranslationKind; + use std::time::Duration; + use wiremock::{Mock, MockServer, ResponseTemplate, matchers}; + + #[test] + fn translation_kind_resolves_funtranslations_endpoint() { + assert_eq!(endpoint_for(TranslationKind::Yoda), "yoda"); + assert_eq!(endpoint_for(TranslationKind::Shakespeare), "shakespeare"); + } + + #[tokio::test] + async fn posts_text_to_the_requested_translation_endpoint() { + let server = MockServer::start().await; + Mock::given(matchers::method("POST")) + .and(matchers::path("/translate/yoda")) + .and(matchers::body_string_contains("Created")) + .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({ + "contents": { "translated": "Created, it was." } + }))) + .expect(1) + .mount(&server) + .await; + let client = client_for(&server); + + let translated = client + .translate(TranslationKind::Yoda, "Created") + .await + .expect("translation should succeed"); + + assert_eq!(translated, "Created, it was."); + } + + #[tokio::test] + async fn rejects_empty_translations_so_callers_can_fallback() { + let server = MockServer::start().await; + Mock::given(matchers::method("POST")) + .and(matchers::path("/translate/yoda")) + .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({ + "contents": { "translated": " " } + }))) + .mount(&server) + .await; + let client = client_for(&server); + + let error = client + .translate(TranslationKind::Yoda, "hello") + .await + .expect_err("empty translation should fail"); + + assert!(error.to_string().contains("empty translation")); + } + + #[tokio::test] + async fn maps_translation_http_failures_to_upstream_errors() { + let server = MockServer::start().await; + Mock::given(matchers::method("POST")) + .and(matchers::path("/translate/shakespeare")) + .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(429)) + .mount(&server) + .await; + let client = client_for(&server); + + let error = client + .translate(TranslationKind::Shakespeare, "hello") + .await + .expect_err("translation should fail"); + + assert!(error.to_string().contains("FunTranslations")); + } + + fn client_for(server: &MockServer) -> TranslationClient { + TranslationClient::new(server.uri(), Duration::from_secs(1)).expect("client should build") + } +} diff --git a/src/clients/mod.rs b/src/clients/mod.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c3dc04 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/clients/mod.rs @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +mod body; + +pub mod funtranslations; +pub mod pokeapi; diff --git a/src/clients/pokeapi.rs b/src/clients/pokeapi.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4629236 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/clients/pokeapi.rs @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ +use crate::{clients::body, domain::PokemonInfo, error::AppError}; +use serde::Deserialize; +use std::time::Duration; +use tracing::instrument; + +#[derive(Clone)] +pub struct PokeApiClient { + base_url: String, + http: reqwest::Client, +} + +impl PokeApiClient { + pub fn new(base_url: impl Into, timeout: Duration) -> Result { + let http = reqwest::Client::builder() + .timeout(timeout) + .build() + .map_err(|error| AppError::Upstream(error.to_string()))?; + + Ok(Self { + base_url: trim_trailing_slash(&base_url.into()), + http, + }) + } + + #[instrument(skip(self), fields(pokemon.name = %name))] + pub async fn get_pokemon_info(&self, name: &str) -> Result { + validate_pokemon_name(name)?; + let url = format!( + "{}/pokemon-species/{}", + self.base_url, + name.to_ascii_lowercase() + ); + let response = self + .http + .get(url) + .send() + .await + .map_err(|error| map_reqwest_error(&error))?; + let status = response.status(); + + if status == reqwest::StatusCode::NOT_FOUND { + return Err(AppError::NotFound); + } + + if !status.is_success() { + return Err(AppError::Upstream(format!( + "PokéAPI returned status {status}" + ))); + } + + body::read_json::(response, "PokéAPI") + .await + .and_then(TryInto::try_into) + } +} + +#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)] +struct PokemonSpeciesResponse { + name: String, + is_legendary: bool, + habitat: Option, + flavor_text_entries: Vec, +} + +#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)] +struct NamedResource { + name: String, +} + +#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)] +struct FlavorTextEntry { + flavor_text: String, + language: NamedResource, +} + +impl TryFrom for PokemonInfo { + type Error = AppError; + + fn try_from(species: PokemonSpeciesResponse) -> Result { + let description = species + .flavor_text_entries + .iter() + .filter(|entry| entry.language.name == "en") + .map(|entry| normalize_description(&entry.flavor_text)) + .find(|description| !description.is_empty()) + .ok_or_else(|| { + AppError::InvalidUpstreamData("missing English flavor text".to_owned()) + })?; + + Ok(Self { + name: species.name, + description, + habitat: species + .habitat + .map_or_else(|| "unknown".to_owned(), |habitat| habitat.name), + is_legendary: species.is_legendary, + }) + } +} + +pub fn validate_pokemon_name(name: &str) -> Result<(), AppError> { + let is_valid = !name.is_empty() + && name + .bytes() + .all(|byte| byte.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || byte == b'-'); + + if is_valid { + Ok(()) + } else { + Err(AppError::BadRequest( + "pokemon name must contain only ASCII letters, digits, or hyphens".to_owned(), + )) + } +} + +#[must_use] +pub fn normalize_description(description: &str) -> String { + description.split_whitespace().collect::>().join(" ") +} + +fn trim_trailing_slash(value: &str) -> String { + value.trim_end_matches('/').to_owned() +} + +fn map_reqwest_error(error: &reqwest::Error) -> AppError { + if error.is_timeout() { + AppError::Timeout + } else { + AppError::Upstream(error.to_string()) + } +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::{PokeApiClient, normalize_description, validate_pokemon_name}; + use crate::error::AppError; + use std::time::Duration; + use wiremock::{Mock, MockServer, ResponseTemplate, matchers}; + + #[test] + fn normalizes_pokemon_descriptions_for_api_output() { + let normalized = normalize_description("Line one\nline two\u{000c} line three"); + + assert_eq!(normalized, "Line one line two line three"); + } + + #[test] + fn rejects_names_that_could_change_the_upstream_url_shape() { + let error = validate_pokemon_name("foo?bar=baz").expect_err("name should be rejected"); + + assert!(matches!(error, AppError::BadRequest(_))); + } + + #[tokio::test] + async fn fetches_basic_pokemon_information_from_species_endpoint() { + let server = MockServer::start().await; + Mock::given(matchers::method("GET")) + .and(matchers::path("/pokemon-species/mewtwo")) + .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({ + "name": "mewtwo", + "is_legendary": true, + "habitat": { "name": "rare" }, + "flavor_text_entries": [ + { "flavor_text": "Versione italiana", "language": { "name": "it" } }, + { "flavor_text": "It was created\nby science.", "language": { "name": "en" } } + ] + }))) + .mount(&server) + .await; + let client = client_for(&server); + + let pokemon = client + .get_pokemon_info("mewtwo") + .await + .expect("pokemon should be parsed"); + + assert_eq!(pokemon.name, "mewtwo"); + assert_eq!(pokemon.description, "It was created by science."); + assert_eq!(pokemon.habitat, "rare"); + assert!(pokemon.is_legendary); + } + + #[tokio::test] + async fn normalizes_pokemon_names_to_pokeapi_identifiers() { + let server = MockServer::start().await; + Mock::given(matchers::method("GET")) + .and(matchers::path("/pokemon-species/mewtwo")) + .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({ + "name": "mewtwo", + "is_legendary": true, + "habitat": { "name": "rare" }, + "flavor_text_entries": [ + { "flavor_text": "Created by science.", "language": { "name": "en" } } + ] + }))) + .expect(1) + .mount(&server) + .await; + let client = client_for(&server); + + let pokemon = client + .get_pokemon_info("Mewtwo") + .await + .expect("mixed-case pokemon names should resolve"); + + assert_eq!(pokemon.name, "mewtwo"); + } + + #[tokio::test] + async fn uses_unknown_habitat_when_pokeapi_has_no_habitat() { + let server = MockServer::start().await; + Mock::given(matchers::method("GET")) + .and(matchers::path("/pokemon-species/missingno")) + .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({ + "name": "missingno", + "is_legendary": false, + "habitat": null, + "flavor_text_entries": [ + { "flavor_text": "A glitch Pokémon.", "language": { "name": "en" } } + ] + }))) + .mount(&server) + .await; + let client = client_for(&server); + + let pokemon = client + .get_pokemon_info("missingno") + .await + .expect("pokemon should be parsed"); + + assert_eq!(pokemon.habitat, "unknown"); + } + + #[tokio::test] + async fn maps_missing_pokemon_to_not_found() { + let server = MockServer::start().await; + Mock::given(matchers::method("GET")) + .and(matchers::path("/pokemon-species/nope")) + .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(404)) + .mount(&server) + .await; + let client = client_for(&server); + + let error = client + .get_pokemon_info("nope") + .await + .expect_err("missing pokemon should fail"); + + assert!(matches!(error, AppError::NotFound)); + } + + #[tokio::test] + async fn skips_empty_english_descriptions_until_it_finds_a_non_empty_one() { + let server = MockServer::start().await; + Mock::given(matchers::method("GET")) + .and(matchers::path("/pokemon-species/eevee")) + .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({ + "name": "eevee", + "is_legendary": false, + "habitat": { "name": "urban" }, + "flavor_text_entries": [ + { "flavor_text": " \n \t", "language": { "name": "en" } }, + { "flavor_text": "Can evolve in many ways.", "language": { "name": "en" } } + ] + }))) + .mount(&server) + .await; + let client = client_for(&server); + + let pokemon = client + .get_pokemon_info("eevee") + .await + .expect("second English description should be used"); + + assert_eq!(pokemon.description, "Can evolve in many ways."); + } + + #[tokio::test] + async fn rejects_species_without_english_description() { + let server = MockServer::start().await; + Mock::given(matchers::method("GET")) + .and(matchers::path("/pokemon-species/pikachu")) + .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({ + "name": "pikachu", + "is_legendary": false, + "habitat": { "name": "forest" }, + "flavor_text_entries": [ + { "flavor_text": "Souris électrique.", "language": { "name": "fr" } } + ] + }))) + .mount(&server) + .await; + let client = client_for(&server); + + let error = client + .get_pokemon_info("pikachu") + .await + .expect_err("missing English entry should fail"); + + assert!(matches!(error, AppError::InvalidUpstreamData(_))); + } + + #[tokio::test] + async fn rejects_oversized_upstream_bodies() { + let server = MockServer::start().await; + Mock::given(matchers::method("GET")) + .and(matchers::path("/pokemon-species/snorlax")) + .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_string("x".repeat(1025 * 1024))) + .mount(&server) + .await; + let client = client_for(&server); + + let error = client + .get_pokemon_info("snorlax") + .await + .expect_err("oversized body should fail"); + + assert!(error.to_string().contains("exceeded")); + } + + fn client_for(server: &MockServer) -> PokeApiClient { + PokeApiClient::new(server.uri(), Duration::from_secs(1)).expect("client should build") + } +} diff --git a/src/config.rs b/src/config.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3779413 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/config.rs @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +use std::{env, net::SocketAddr, time::Duration}; + +#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)] +pub struct AppConfig { + pub bind_addr: SocketAddr, + pub pokeapi_base_url: String, + pub translations_base_url: String, + pub request_timeout: Duration, + pub rate_limit_per_second: f64, + pub rate_limit_burst: u32, + pub service_name: String, +} + +impl AppConfig { + #[must_use] + pub fn default_local() -> Self { + Self { + bind_addr: default_bind_addr(), + pokeapi_base_url: "https://pokeapi.co/api/v2".to_owned(), + translations_base_url: "https://api.funtranslations.mercxry.me/v1".to_owned(), + request_timeout: Duration::from_secs(5), + rate_limit_per_second: 20.0, + rate_limit_burst: 40, + service_name: env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME").to_owned(), + } + } + + pub fn from_env() -> Result { + let defaults = Self::default_local(); + let rate_limit_per_second = + env_or_parse("RATE_LIMIT_PER_SECOND", defaults.rate_limit_per_second)?; + let rate_limit_burst = env_or_parse("RATE_LIMIT_BURST", defaults.rate_limit_burst)?; + validate_rate_limit(rate_limit_per_second, rate_limit_burst)?; + + Ok(Self { + bind_addr: env_or_parse("BIND_ADDR", defaults.bind_addr)?, + pokeapi_base_url: env_or_string("POKEAPI_BASE_URL", &defaults.pokeapi_base_url), + translations_base_url: env_or_string( + "FUN_TRANSLATIONS_BASE_URL", + &defaults.translations_base_url, + ), + request_timeout: Duration::from_secs(env_or_parse( + "REQUEST_TIMEOUT_SECONDS", + defaults.request_timeout.as_secs(), + )?), + rate_limit_per_second, + rate_limit_burst, + service_name: env_or_string("OTEL_SERVICE_NAME", &defaults.service_name), + }) + } +} + +#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)] +pub enum ConfigError { + #[error("rate limit values must be positive")] + InvalidRateLimit, + #[error("invalid value for {name}: {source}")] + InvalidValue { + name: &'static str, + source: Box, + }, +} + +fn env_or_string(name: &'static str, default: &str) -> String { + env::var(name).unwrap_or_else(|_| default.to_owned()) +} + +fn default_bind_addr() -> SocketAddr { + SocketAddr::from(([0, 0, 0, 0], 8000)) +} + +const fn validate_rate_limit(per_second: f64, burst: u32) -> Result<(), ConfigError> { + if per_second.is_finite() && per_second > 0.0 && burst > 0 { + Ok(()) + } else { + Err(ConfigError::InvalidRateLimit) + } +} + +fn env_or_parse(name: &'static str, default: T) -> Result +where + T: std::str::FromStr, + T::Err: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static, +{ + env::var(name).map_or_else( + |_| Ok(default), + |value| { + value.parse().map_err(|source| ConfigError::InvalidValue { + name, + source: Box::new(source), + }) + }, + ) +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::AppConfig; + + #[test] + fn default_config_is_valid_for_local_development() { + let config = AppConfig::default_local(); + + assert_eq!(config.bind_addr.port(), 8000); + assert_eq!(config.pokeapi_base_url, "https://pokeapi.co/api/v2"); + assert!((config.rate_limit_per_second - 20.0).abs() < f64::EPSILON); + } +} diff --git a/src/domain/mod.rs b/src/domain/mod.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09a9242 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/domain/mod.rs @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +use serde::Serialize; + +#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize)] +pub struct PokemonInfo { + pub name: String, + pub description: String, + pub habitat: String, + #[serde(rename = "isLegendary")] + pub is_legendary: bool, +} + +impl PokemonInfo { + #[must_use] + pub fn needs_yoda_translation(&self) -> bool { + self.is_legendary || self.habitat.eq_ignore_ascii_case("cave") + } +} + +#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)] +pub enum TranslationKind { + Shakespeare, + Yoda, +} diff --git a/src/error.rs b/src/error.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7c99f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/error.rs @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +use axum::{ + Json, + http::{HeaderMap, StatusCode}, + response::IntoResponse, +}; +use serde::Serialize; + +#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)] +pub enum AppError { + #[error("bad request: {0}")] + BadRequest(String), + #[error("pokemon not found")] + NotFound, + #[error("upstream service returned invalid data: {0}")] + InvalidUpstreamData(String), + #[error("upstream service failed: {0}")] + Upstream(String), + #[error("request timed out")] + Timeout, + #[error("internal server error")] + Internal, +} + +impl AppError { + #[must_use] + pub const fn status_code(&self) -> StatusCode { + match self { + Self::BadRequest(_) => StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, + Self::NotFound => StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, + Self::InvalidUpstreamData(_) | Self::Upstream(_) | Self::Timeout => { + StatusCode::BAD_GATEWAY + } + Self::Internal => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, + } + } + + #[must_use] + pub const fn code(&self) -> &'static str { + match self { + Self::BadRequest(_) => "bad_request", + Self::NotFound => "pokemon_not_found", + Self::InvalidUpstreamData(_) => "upstream_invalid_data", + Self::Upstream(_) | Self::Timeout => "upstream_unavailable", + Self::Internal => "internal_error", + } + } + + #[must_use] + pub fn public_message(&self) -> String { + match self { + Self::BadRequest(message) => message.clone(), + Self::NotFound => "pokemon not found".to_owned(), + Self::InvalidUpstreamData(_) => "upstream service returned invalid data".to_owned(), + Self::Upstream(_) | Self::Timeout => "upstream service failed".to_owned(), + Self::Internal => "internal server error".to_owned(), + } + } +} + +impl IntoResponse for AppError { + fn into_response(self) -> axum::response::Response { + ApiError::new(self, None).into_response() + } +} + +pub struct ApiError { + source: AppError, + request_id: Option, +} + +impl ApiError { + #[must_use] + pub const fn new(source: AppError, request_id: Option) -> Self { + Self { source, request_id } + } + + #[must_use] + pub fn from_headers(source: AppError, headers: &HeaderMap) -> Self { + Self::new(source, request_id_from_headers(headers)) + } +} + +impl IntoResponse for ApiError { + fn into_response(self) -> axum::response::Response { + let status = self.source.status_code(); + let body = ErrorBody::new( + self.source.code(), + self.source.public_message(), + self.request_id, + ); + (status, Json(body)).into_response() + } +} + +#[derive(Serialize)] +pub struct ErrorBody { + code: &'static str, + message: String, + #[serde(rename = "requestId", skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")] + request_id: Option, +} + +impl ErrorBody { + #[must_use] + pub fn new(code: &'static str, message: impl Into, request_id: Option) -> Self { + Self { + code, + message: message.into(), + request_id, + } + } +} + +#[must_use] +pub fn request_id_from_headers(headers: &HeaderMap) -> Option { + headers + .get("x-request-id") + .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok()) + .map(str::to_owned) +} diff --git a/src/http/handlers.rs b/src/http/handlers.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea62239 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/http/handlers.rs @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +use super::AppState; +use crate::{domain::PokemonInfo, error::ApiError}; +use axum::{ + Json, + extract::{Path, State}, + http::{HeaderMap, header}, + response::IntoResponse, +}; +use serde::Serialize; + +pub(super) async fn health() -> Json { + Json(HealthResponse { status: "ok" }) +} + +pub(super) async fn metrics( + State(state): State, + headers: HeaderMap, +) -> Result { + let body = state + .telemetry + .render_prometheus() + .map_err(|error| ApiError::from_headers(error, &headers))?; + Ok(([(header::CONTENT_TYPE, "text/plain; version=0.0.4")], body)) +} + +pub(super) async fn get_pokemon( + State(state): State, + Path(name): Path, + headers: HeaderMap, +) -> Result, ApiError> { + state + .service + .get_basic(&name) + .await + .map(Json) + .map_err(|error| ApiError::from_headers(error, &headers)) +} + +pub(super) async fn get_translated_pokemon( + State(state): State, + Path(name): Path, + headers: HeaderMap, +) -> Result, ApiError> { + state + .service + .get_translated(&name) + .await + .map(Json) + .map_err(|error| ApiError::from_headers(error, &headers)) +} + +#[derive(Serialize)] +pub(super) struct HealthResponse { + status: &'static str, +} diff --git a/src/http/middleware.rs b/src/http/middleware.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1452126 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/http/middleware.rs @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +use super::AppState; +use crate::error::{ErrorBody, request_id_from_headers}; +use axum::{ + Json, + extract::{MatchedPath, Request, State}, + http::StatusCode, + middleware, + response::{IntoResponse, Response}, +}; +use std::time::Instant; + +pub(super) async fn enforce_rate_limit( + State(state): State, + req: Request, + next: middleware::Next, +) -> Response { + let path = req.uri().path(); + if matches!(path, "/health" | "/metrics") || state.rate_limiter.try_acquire() { + next.run(req).await + } else { + let request_id = request_id_from_headers(req.headers()); + ( + StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS, + Json(ErrorBody::new( + "rate_limit_exceeded", + "rate limit exceeded", + request_id, + )), + ) + .into_response() + } +} + +pub(super) async fn record_http_metrics( + State(state): State, + req: Request, + next: middleware::Next, +) -> Response { + let start = Instant::now(); + let method = req.method().clone(); + let path = req.extensions().get::().map_or_else( + || req.uri().path().to_owned(), + |path| path.as_str().to_owned(), + ); + + let response = next.run(req).await; + let status = response.status(); + state.telemetry.metrics().record_http_request( + method.as_str(), + &path, + status.as_u16(), + start.elapsed(), + ); + + response +} diff --git a/src/http/mod.rs b/src/http/mod.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..243a0b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/http/mod.rs @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +mod handlers; +mod middleware; +mod rate_limit; + +use crate::{ + application::PokedexService, + clients::{funtranslations::TranslationClient, pokeapi::PokeApiClient}, + config::AppConfig, + error::AppError, + telemetry::Telemetry, +}; +use axum::{Router, extract::Request, middleware as axum_middleware, routing::get}; +use std::sync::Arc; +use tower::ServiceBuilder; +use tower_http::{ + ServiceBuilderExt, + request_id::MakeRequestUuid, + trace::{DefaultOnResponse, TraceLayer}, +}; + +pub use rate_limit::RateLimiter; + +#[derive(Clone)] +pub struct AppState { + pub(super) service: Arc, + pub(super) telemetry: Arc, + pub(super) rate_limiter: Arc, +} + +impl AppState { + #[must_use] + pub fn new(service: PokedexService, telemetry: Telemetry, rate_limiter: RateLimiter) -> Self { + Self { + service: Arc::new(service), + telemetry: Arc::new(telemetry), + rate_limiter: Arc::new(rate_limiter), + } + } + + pub fn from_config(config: &AppConfig) -> Result { + let telemetry = Telemetry::new(&config.service_name); + let pokemon = PokeApiClient::new(&config.pokeapi_base_url, config.request_timeout)?; + let translations = + TranslationClient::new(&config.translations_base_url, config.request_timeout)?; + let service = PokedexService::new(pokemon, translations, telemetry.metrics()); + Ok(Self::new( + service, + telemetry, + RateLimiter::new(config.rate_limit_per_second, config.rate_limit_burst) + .map_err(|_| AppError::Internal)?, + )) + } +} + +pub fn create_app(state: AppState) -> Router { + let tracing_layers = ServiceBuilder::new() + .set_x_request_id(MakeRequestUuid) + .layer( + TraceLayer::new_for_http() + .make_span_with(|request: &Request| { + let request_id = request + .headers() + .get("x-request-id") + .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok()) + .unwrap_or("unknown"); + tracing::info_span!( + "http.request", + method = %request.method(), + path = %request.uri().path(), + request_id = %request_id, + ) + }) + .on_response(DefaultOnResponse::new()), + ) + .propagate_x_request_id(); + + Router::new() + .route("/health", get(handlers::health)) + .route("/metrics", get(handlers::metrics)) + .route("/pokemon/{name}", get(handlers::get_pokemon)) + .route( + "/pokemon/translated/{name}", + get(handlers::get_translated_pokemon), + ) + .with_state(state.clone()) + .layer(axum_middleware::from_fn_with_state( + state.clone(), + middleware::enforce_rate_limit, + )) + .layer(axum_middleware::from_fn_with_state( + state, + middleware::record_http_metrics, + )) + .layer(tracing_layers) +} diff --git a/src/http/rate_limit.rs b/src/http/rate_limit.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a7f7393 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/http/rate_limit.rs @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +use std::{sync::Mutex, time::Instant}; + +// This challenge uses a simple in-memory global limiter. In production, +// prefer API gateway rate limiting so limits are shared across instances and +// identity-aware policies can be keyed by API key, user, or client IP. +#[derive(Debug)] +pub struct RateLimiter { + bucket: Mutex, +} + +impl RateLimiter { + pub fn new(refill_per_second: f64, burst: u32) -> Result { + if !refill_per_second.is_finite() || refill_per_second <= 0.0 || burst == 0 { + return Err(RateLimitError::InvalidConfiguration); + } + + Ok(Self { + bucket: Mutex::new(TokenBucket { + capacity: f64::from(burst), + tokens: f64::from(burst), + refill_per_second, + last_refill: Instant::now(), + }), + }) + } + + #[must_use] + pub fn try_acquire(&self) -> bool { + self.bucket + .lock() + .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner) + .try_acquire() + } +} + +#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)] +pub enum RateLimitError { + #[error("rate limit configuration must be positive")] + InvalidConfiguration, +} + +#[derive(Debug)] +struct TokenBucket { + capacity: f64, + tokens: f64, + refill_per_second: f64, + last_refill: Instant, +} + +impl TokenBucket { + fn try_acquire(&mut self) -> bool { + self.refill(); + if self.tokens >= 1.0 { + self.tokens -= 1.0; + true + } else { + false + } + } + + fn refill(&mut self) { + let elapsed = self.last_refill.elapsed().as_secs_f64(); + self.tokens = self + .capacity + .min(self.tokens + elapsed.mul_add(self.refill_per_second, 0.0)); + self.last_refill = Instant::now(); + } +} + +#[cfg(test)] +mod tests { + use super::RateLimiter; + + #[test] + fn rejects_non_positive_or_non_finite_configuration() { + assert!(RateLimiter::new(0.0, 1).is_err()); + assert!(RateLimiter::new(f64::INFINITY, 1).is_err()); + assert!(RateLimiter::new(1.0, 0).is_err()); + } + + #[test] + fn allows_requests_up_to_the_burst_capacity() { + let limiter = RateLimiter::new(100.0, 2).expect("rate limiter should build"); + + assert!(limiter.try_acquire()); + assert!(limiter.try_acquire()); + assert!(!limiter.try_acquire()); + } +} diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..669c597 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/lib.rs @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +#![deny(warnings)] +#![deny(clippy::all, clippy::pedantic, clippy::nursery, clippy::cargo)] +#![allow(clippy::missing_errors_doc, clippy::multiple_crate_versions)] + +pub mod application; +pub mod clients; +pub mod config; +pub mod domain; +pub mod error; +pub mod http; +pub mod telemetry; + +#[must_use] +pub const fn crate_name() -> &'static str { + env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME") +} diff --git a/src/telemetry/metrics.rs b/src/telemetry/metrics.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..316c3a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/telemetry/metrics.rs @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +use opentelemetry::{KeyValue, metrics::Meter}; +use std::time::Duration; + +#[derive(Clone, Debug)] +pub struct AppMetrics { + http_requests: opentelemetry::metrics::Counter, + http_errors: opentelemetry::metrics::Counter, + http_request_duration: opentelemetry::metrics::Histogram, + upstream_requests: opentelemetry::metrics::Counter, + upstream_errors: opentelemetry::metrics::Counter, + upstream_request_duration: opentelemetry::metrics::Histogram, +} + +#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)] +pub enum UpstreamRequestOutcome { + Success, + NotFound, + Error, +} + +impl UpstreamRequestOutcome { + const fn label(self) -> &'static str { + match self { + Self::Success => "ok", + Self::NotFound => "not_found", + Self::Error => "error", + } + } + + const fn is_error(self) -> bool { + matches!(self, Self::Error) + } +} + +impl AppMetrics { + #[must_use] + pub fn new(meter: &Meter) -> Self { + Self { + http_requests: meter + .u64_counter("http.server.requests") + .with_description("Total HTTP requests") + .with_unit("requests") + .build(), + http_errors: meter + .u64_counter("http.server.errors") + .with_description("Total HTTP requests with error status codes") + .with_unit("errors") + .build(), + http_request_duration: meter + .f64_histogram("http.server.request.duration") + .with_description("HTTP request duration") + .with_unit("s") + .build(), + upstream_requests: meter + .u64_counter("upstream.client.requests") + .with_description("Total upstream requests") + .with_unit("requests") + .build(), + upstream_errors: meter + .u64_counter("upstream.client.errors") + .with_description("Total failed upstream requests") + .with_unit("errors") + .build(), + upstream_request_duration: meter + .f64_histogram("upstream.client.request.duration") + .with_description("Upstream request duration") + .with_unit("s") + .build(), + } + } + + pub fn record_http_request(&self, method: &str, path: &str, status: u16, duration: Duration) { + let is_error = status_is_error(status); + let status = status.to_string(); + let attributes = [ + KeyValue::new("method", method.to_owned()), + KeyValue::new("path", path.to_owned()), + KeyValue::new("status", status), + ]; + self.http_requests.add(1, &attributes); + self.http_request_duration + .record(duration.as_secs_f64(), &attributes); + if is_error { + self.http_errors.add(1, &attributes); + } + } + + pub fn record_upstream_request( + &self, + service: &'static str, + operation: &'static str, + outcome: UpstreamRequestOutcome, + duration: Duration, + ) { + let status = outcome.label(); + let attributes = [ + KeyValue::new("service", service), + KeyValue::new("operation", operation), + KeyValue::new("status", status), + ]; + self.upstream_requests.add(1, &attributes); + self.upstream_request_duration + .record(duration.as_secs_f64(), &attributes); + if outcome.is_error() { + self.upstream_errors.add(1, &attributes); + } + } +} + +const fn status_is_error(status: u16) -> bool { + status >= 400 +} diff --git a/src/telemetry/mod.rs b/src/telemetry/mod.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9ed9d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/telemetry/mod.rs @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +mod metrics; +mod tracing; + +use crate::error::AppError; +use opentelemetry::metrics::MeterProvider; +use opentelemetry_prometheus_text_exporter::PrometheusExporter; +use opentelemetry_sdk::{Resource, metrics::SdkMeterProvider}; + +pub use metrics::{AppMetrics, UpstreamRequestOutcome}; +pub use tracing::init_tracing; + +pub struct Telemetry { + provider: SdkMeterProvider, + exporter: PrometheusExporter, + metrics: AppMetrics, +} + +impl Telemetry { + #[must_use] + pub fn new(service_name: &str) -> Self { + let exporter = PrometheusExporter::builder().build(); + let provider = SdkMeterProvider::builder() + .with_reader(exporter.clone()) + .with_resource( + Resource::builder_empty() + .with_service_name(service_name.to_owned()) + .build(), + ) + .build(); + let meter = provider.meter(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME")); + let metrics = AppMetrics::new(&meter); + + Self { + provider, + exporter, + metrics, + } + } + + #[must_use] + pub fn metrics(&self) -> AppMetrics { + self.metrics.clone() + } + + pub fn render_prometheus(&self) -> Result { + let mut output = Vec::new(); + self.exporter + .export(&mut output) + .map_err(|_| AppError::Internal)?; + String::from_utf8(output).map_err(|_| AppError::Internal) + } + + pub fn shutdown(self) -> Result<(), AppError> { + self.provider.shutdown().map_err(|_| AppError::Internal) + } +} diff --git a/src/telemetry/tracing.rs b/src/telemetry/tracing.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2ffe64 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/telemetry/tracing.rs @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +use tracing_subscriber::{EnvFilter, layer::SubscriberExt, util::SubscriberInitExt}; + +pub fn init_tracing() { + let env_filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env() + .unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("pokedex_api=info,tower_http=info")); + + tracing_subscriber::registry() + .with(env_filter) + .with(tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer().json()) + .init(); +}